Phutudom Public Health Center

Compromising on Health Care

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Sat, 19 Dec 2009 03:20:00 +0000

ขั้นตอนการผลิตเซรุ่มแก้พิษงู

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Sat, 28 Nov 2009 07:13:00 +0000

Medicare

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Fri, 16 Oct 2009 11:20:00 +0000

Suzy Cohen on Antibiotics, Yeast Infections and Buggy Yogurt

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Tue, 15 Sep 2009 22:43:00 +0000

Yogurt and Yeast Infections

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Tue, 15 Sep 2009 22:41:00 +0000

Dr. Russell Blaylock on Alex Jones Tv 3/3:Harmful Side-Effects of The Swine Flu Vaccine

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Fri, 11 Sep 2009 23:19:00 +0000

Dr. Russell Blaylock on Alex Jones Tv 2/3:Harmful Side-Effects of The Swine Flu Vaccine

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Fri, 11 Sep 2009 23:18:00 +0000

Dr. Russell Blaylock on Alex Jones Tv 1/3:Harmful Side-Effects of The Swine Flu Vaccine

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Fri, 11 Sep 2009 23:17:00 +0000

What Fat people can learn about weight loss from Thin people

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Fri, 11 Sep 2009 10:10:00 +0000

10 Basics of a healthy weight loss diet

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Fri, 11 Sep 2009 10:09:00 +0000

Dole: We Can do Better on Health Care

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Sun, 06 Sep 2009 14:39:00 +0000

Dash diet to reduce kidney stone risk

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:03:00 +0000

Healthy lifestyle and reduced risk of chronic disease

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:02:00 +0000

Microbiology modern

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Sun, 16 Aug 2009 15:05:00 +0000

Modern
Bacteria, and other microorganisms, were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design. In doing so Leeuwenhoek made one of the most important discoveries in biology and initiated the scientific fields of bacteriology and microbiology.The name "bacterium" was introduced much later, by Ehrenberg in 1828, derived from the Greek βακτηριον meaning "small stick". While Van Leeuwenhoek is often cited as the first microbiologist, the first recorded microbiological observation, that of the fruiting bodies of molds, was made earlier in 1665 by Robert Hooke.

The field of bacteriology (later a subdiscipline of microbiology) is generally considered to have been founded by Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898), a botanist whose studies on algae and photosynthetic bacteria led him to describe several bacteria including Bacillus and Beggiatoa. Cohn was also the first to formulate a scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacteria.Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) and Robert Koch (1843–1910) were contemporaries of Cohn’s and are often considered to be the founders of medical microbiology. Pasteur is most famous for his series of experiments designed to disprove the then widely held theory of spontaneous generation, thereby solidifying microbiology’s identity as a biological science.Pasteur also designed methods for food preservation (pasteurization) and vaccines against several diseases such as anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies. Koch is best known for his contributions to the germ theory of disease, proving that specific diseases were caused by specific pathogenic microorganisms. He developed a series of criteria that have become known as the Koch's postulates. Koch was one of the first scientists to focus on the isolation of bacteria in pure culture resulting in his description of several novel bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis.

While Pasteur and Koch are often considered the founders of microbiology, their work did not accurately reflect the true diversity of the microbial world because of their exclusive focus on microorganisms having direct medical relevance. It was not until the work of Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931) and Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953), the founders of general microbiology (an older term encompassing aspects of microbial physiology, diversity and ecology), that the true breadth of microbiology was revealed.Beijerinck made two major contributions to microbiology: the discovery of viruses and the development of enrichment culture techniques.While his work on the Tobacco Mosaic Virus established the basic principles of virology, it was his development of enrichment culturing that had the most immediate impact on microbiology by allowing for the cultivation of a wide range of microbes with wildly different physiologies. Winogradsky was the first to develop the concept of chemolithotrophy and to thereby reveal the essential role played by microorganisms in geochemical processes. He was responsible for the first isolation and description of both nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Microbiology ancient

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Sun, 16 Aug 2009 15:03:00 +0000

Ancient
The existence of microorganisms was hypothesized for many centuries before their actual discovery in the 17th century. In 600 BCE, the ancient Indian surgeon Susruta held microbes responsible for several diseases and explained in Sushruta Samhita that they can be transmitted through contact, air or water. Theories on microorganisms was made by Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro in a book titled On Agriculture in which he warns against locating a homestead in the vicinity of swamps:

“ ...and because there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases.

This passage seems to indicate that the ancients were aware of the possibility that diseases could be spread by yet unseen organisms.

In The Canon of Medicine (1020), Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) stated that bodily secretion is contaminated by foul foreign earthly bodies before being infected.[5] He also hypothesized on the contagious nature of tuberculosis and other infectious diseases, and used quarantine as a means of limiting the spread of contagious diseases.

When the Black Death bubonic plague reached al-Andalus in the 14th century, Ibn Khatima hypothesized that infectious diseases are caused by "minute bodies" which enter the human body and cause disease.

In 1546 Girolamo Fracastoro proposed that epidemic diseases were caused by transferable seedlike entities that could transmit infection by direct or indirect contact or even without contact over long distances.

All these early claims about the existence of microorganisms were speculative in nature and not based on any data or science. Microorganisms were neither proven and observed, nor correctly and accurately described until the 17th century. The reason for this was that all these early inquiries lacked the most fundamental tool in order for microbiology and bacteriology to exist as a science, and that was the microscope

Microbiology

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Sun, 16 Aug 2009 15:02:00 +0000

Microbiology (from Greek μῑκρος, mīkros, "small"; βίος, bios, "life"; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms.[1] This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes. Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied.[2] In short; microbiology refers to the study of life and organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Microbiology is a broad term which includes virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology and other branches. A microbiologist is a specialist in microbiology.

Microbiology is researched actively, and the field is advancing continually. We have probably only studied about one percent of all of the microbe species on Earth.[3] Although microbes were first observed over three hundred years ago, the field of microbiology can be said to be in its infancy relative to older biological disciplines such as zoology and botany.

Louis Pasteur

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Sun, 16 Aug 2009 14:47:00 +0000

Louis Pasteur (pronounced: [pastøʁ] December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole. He is best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of disease. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccine for rabies. His experiments supported the germ theory of disease. He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness - this process came to be called pasteurization. He is regarded as one of the three main founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch. Pasteur also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, most notably the molecular basis for the asymmetry of certain crystals.[1] He is buried beneath the Institute Pasteur

Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole in the Jura region of France and grew up in the town of Arbois.There, he later had his house and laboratory, which is now a Pasteur museum. His father, Jean Pasteur's college headmaster, who recommended that the young man apply for the École Normale Supérieure, which accepted him, after recognizing Louis’s natural talent. After serving briefly as professor of physics at Dijon Lycée in 1848, he became professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg, where he met and courted Marie Laurent, daughter of the university's rector in 1849. They were married on May 29, 1849 and together they had five children, only two of whom survived to adulthood, three of them died, two of typhoid and one of a brain tumor. This incident later persuaded Pasteur to try and find cures for diseases such as typhoid.

Catholic observers often said that Louis Pasteur remained through out his whole life an ardent Christian. According to his grandson Pasteur Vallery-Radot, however, Pasteur had only kept from his Catholic background a spiritualism without religious practice. The well-known quotation attributed to Pasteur: "The more I know, the more nearly is my faith that of the Breton peasant. Could I but know all I would have the faith of a Breton peasant's wife." would be apocryphal.Maurice Vallery-Radot, grandson of the brother of the son-in-law of Pasteur and outspoken Catholic,holds that Pasteur fundamentally remained catholic, but does not claim that he went to mass

Pneumonic plague

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Thu, 13 Aug 2009 11:14:00 +0000

Pneumonic plague is one of three main forms of plague, all of which are caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is more virulent and rarer than bubonic plague. The difference between the versions of plague is simply the location of the infection. Pneumonic plague is an infection in the lung(s), bubonic plague is an infection of the buboes or lymph nodes, while septicemic plague is an infection in the blood stream.

Typically, pneumonic form is due to a secondary spread from advanced infection of an initial bubonic form. Primary pneumonic plague results from inhalation of fine infective droplets and can be transmitted from human to human without involvement of fleas or animals. Untreated pneumonic plague has a very high fatality rate

Epidemiology
Since 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported six plague outbreaks, though some may go unreported because they often happen in remote areas. Between 1998 and 2008, nearly 24,000 cases have been reported, including about 2,000 deaths, in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Eastern Europe.The vast majority of the world's cases (98%) are in Africa.

Pathology and transmission
Pneumonic plague can be caused in two ways: primary, which results from the inhalation of aerosolised plague bacteria, or secondary, when septicemic plague spreads into lung tissue from the bloodstream. Pneumonic plague is not exclusively vector-borne like bubonic plague; instead it can be spread from person to person. There have been cases of pneumonic plague resulting from the dissection or handling of contaminated animal tissue. This is one type of the formerly known Black Plague. It could kill 90%–100% of a population if the victims coughed and passed on the bacteria.

Symptoms
The most apparent symptom of pneumonic plague is coughing, often with hemoptysis. With pneumonic plague, the first signs of illness are fever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum.The pneumonia progresses for two to four days and may cause respiratory failure and shock. Without early treatment, patients will die, some within 24 hours.

When they begin, pneumonic plague symptoms can often include:

-Fever
-Weakness
-Headache
Rapidly developing pneumonia with:

-Shortness of breath
-Chest pain
-Cough
-Bloody or watery sputum (saliva and discharge from respiratory passages).

Prognosis and treatment
Pneumonic plague is a very aggressive infection requiring early treatment. To reduce the risk of death, antibiotics must be given within 24 hours of first symptoms. Streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol are all effective against pneumonic plague.

Antibiotic treatment for seven days will protect people who have had direct, close contact with infected patients. Wearing a close-fitting surgical mask also protects against infection.

Without treatment, the mortality rate from pneumonic plague approaches 100%.

China
The People's Republic of China has eradicated the pneumonic plague from most parts of the country, but still reports occasional cases in remote Western areas where the disease is carried by rats and the marmots that live across the Himalayan plateau. Outbreaks can be caused when a person eats an infected marmot or comes into contact with fleas carried by rats. A 2006 WHO report from an international meeting on plague cited a Chinese government disease expert as saying that most cases of the plague in China's northwest occur when hunters are contaminated while skinning infected animals.The expert said at the time that due to the region's remoteness, the disease killed more than half the infected people. The report also said that since the 1990s, there was a rise in plague cases in humans—from fewer than 10 in the 1980s to nearly 100 cases in 1996 and 254 in 2000.Official statistics posted on the Chinese Health Ministry's Web site showed no cases of plague in 2007 and 2008.

The most recent outbreak of the disease in China began in August 2009 in Ziketan Town located in Qinghai Province and is an ongoing situation. The town has been sealed off and so far three people have died as a result of the disease.According to spokesperson Vivian Tan of the WHO office in Beijing, "In cases like this [in August 2009], we encourage the authorities to identify cases, to investigate any suspicious symptoms among close contacts and to treat confirmed cases as soon as possible. So far, they have done exactly that. There have been sporadic cases reported around the country in the last few years so the authorities do have the experience to deal with this

Plague Fighter - Dr Wu Lien-teh (Screener)

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Thu, 06 Aug 2009 12:21:00 +0000

China 2009 Pneumonic Plague Biological Weapons

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Thu, 06 Aug 2009 12:16:00 +0000

How influenza spreads

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Mon, 03 Aug 2009 12:36:00 +0000

How the flu vaccine works

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Mon, 03 Aug 2009 12:35:00 +0000

Attacking influenza: how human monoclonal antibodies neutralize the flu virus

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Mon, 03 Aug 2009 12:34:00 +0000

The Influenza Virus

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Thu, 23 Jul 2009 10:53:00 +0000

Swine flu vaccine now created

noreply@blogger.com (Julong) — Sat, 04 Jul 2009 04:05:00 +0000